by Brian O’Connell, author of two best-selling books “The 401(k) Millionaire” and “CNBC Creating Wealth: An Investor’s Guide to Decoding the Market”
Mortgage fraud occurs when a potential homebuyer, seller, or lender lies or omits key information that leads to a mortgage loan approval or terms that the applicant wouldn’t normally qualify to receive.
More formally, the FBI defines mortgage fraud as any “misstatement, misrepresentation, or omission in relation to a mortgage loan which is then relied upon by a lender.”
Mortgage fraud is a serious offense and can lead to prosecution and jail time for convicted offenders. Under U.S. federal and state laws, mortgage fraud can result in up to 30 years in federal prison, and up to $1 million in fines.
The Growth of Mortgage Fraud.
Mortgage fraud is a growing problem. According to CoreLogic, mortgage fraud increased 16.9% in the second quarter of 2017 vs. the prior year. The fastest-growing subset of mortgage fraud is occupancy fraud, which happens when mortgage applicants deliberately provide false mortgage application information to purchase a home.
Mortgage fraud is on the rise for multiple reasons:
Rising Demand for Homeownership: U.S. homeownership rates hit 64.2%, according the U.S. Census data released in January 2018. Homeownership has been on the rise since 2016, when it hit a 50-year low of 62.9%. As home inventories shrink, demand for homes is on the rise. That can lead to more fraudulent mortgage applications being filed, as homebuyers try to get an edge in a competitive home-buying field.
Interest Rates Are Rising: Part of the growing demand for new homes is time-related. With interest rates once again on the rise, homebuyers want to act now, and buy a home before rates rise even further. Conversely, home sellers want to cut a deal before high interest rates thin the pool of qualified buyers.
Higher Home Values: Mortgage fraud is also fueled by stronger U.S. home values, which draws more buyers into the market to capitalize on them. In some cases, those buyers will turn to mortgage fraud to get the inside track on buying a potentially profitable property.
Old-Fashioned Greed: In the event of seller-oriented mortgage fraud, like home appraisal fraud, shady home sellers will try to artificially inflate the price of their home, to get a bigger pay day when the property is sold.
How Consumers Can Get Scammed by Mortgage Fraud.
Fraud for Profit.
This type of mortgage fraud, prioritized by the FBI, is usually committed by industry insiders who use their specialized knowledge or authority to commit or facilitate the fraud. Many times mortgage fraud for profit involves collusion by industry insiders, such as bank officers, appraisers, mortgage brokers, attorneys, loan originators, and other professionals. Fraud for profit focuses on misusing the mortgage lending process to get cash and equity from lenders or homeowners.
Fraud for Housing.
This type of fraud is typically when a borrower or potential homebuyer is motivated to acquire or maintain ownership of a house. The borrower may, for example, misrepresent income and asset information on a loan application or entice an appraiser to manipulate a property’s appraised value.
These fraud-for-housing crimes are further broken down into different types of mortgage fraud:
Occupancy Fraud.
With occupancy fraud, the fastest growing type of mortgage fraud, applicants deliberately misrepresent their intended use of the property. For example, a consumer may fraudulently disclose to a lender that they’ll live in the house when they really intend to rent it out. This is done because applicants who occupy a house usually qualify for lower interest rates and down payments than those who are buying investment properties.
“Fake Buyer” Fraud.
This form of mortgage fraud occurs when a bogus buyer (real estate professionals call them “straw buyers”) allows a would-be homebuyer to assume another person’s identity in an effort to get approval on a mortgage loan. The straw buyer typically has better credit than the homebuyer, likely has higher income and lower debt, and stands a much stronger chance of getting approved for a home loan than the intended homeowner.
After the home is sold, the deed to the property may be shifted over to the intended owner. The fake buyer may have had his or her identity stolen and may not know that his or her name, credit, and financial data are being used to perpetuate mortgage fraud.
Home Appraisal Fraud.
Home appraisal fraud occurs when a home is fraudulently inflated beyond its actual value. A higher home appraisal usually leads to a higher home price, and more cash to the home seller. A fraudulent higher appraisal report is bad news to buyers, as it can can add a higher debt burden to the purchase of a home.
Generally, home appraisal fraud comes with some red flags, including key data missing from the appraisal or fake renovations cited on the appraisal. If you suspect your home appraisal has red flags, you can always get a second appraisal—this may cost up to $500 depending on the size of the home, but it might be worth it if it keeps you from a bigger issue.
Financial Income Fraud.
Reporting inaccurate income information to get a better deal, or a bigger loan, is another common form of mortgage fraud. Basically, someone fudging the facts on income is trying to qualify for a mortgage loan they otherwise may not get.
Like home appraisal fraud, income fraud comes with some warning signs attached, including generic, instead of specific job titles, and the inability of the mortgage lender to confirm an applicant’s employer of record. Another warning sign—a mortgage applicant’s employment income filed doesn’t match the household assets or bank statements.
How to Protect Yourself from Mortgage Fraud.
For homebuyers, the key to avoiding mortgage fraud is educate yourself, and never sign a mortgage application form or home appraisal form until you’re certain all the information—especially personal financial data—is accurate.
Protecting yourself against mortgage fraud also involves protecting yourself from identity theft, which can lead to significant financial loss.
1. Stick to Credible Referrals.
When you’re buying a home, you need to trust your mortgage partners. Build that trust with referrals from family, neighbors, friends, and especially real estate professionals who’ll vouch for a lender, broker, appraiser, or real estate agent. If you have an established relationship with a bank or financial institution, leverage those relationships as well. You’ll be more prepared if you get pre-approved for a mortgage by a reputable lender so you make the homebuying process smoother.
2. Avoid Aggressive Mortgage Lenders.
Mortgage lenders who push you hard to sign on the dotted line should be avoided. That’s especially the case with mortgage lenders who tout no-money down or “low or no document” loans. These loans may or may not fall into the “fraudulent category,” depending on state-by-state mortgage loan statutes, but they may get you a loan with high interest rates that could increase over time, and high mortgage fees that only add to your mortgage loan debt burden. If anyone suggests that you lie on a mortgage application, don’t. That’s an immediate red flag to avoid working with that person or firm.
3. Don’t Sign Any Shady Documents.
Never sign a mortgage loan document that is either blank, has blank lines, or contains questionable or unfamiliar data. Doing so could lead you down the path to mortgage fraud. Instead, consult with a trusted real estate professional or legal expert to review the mortgage loan document.
4. Check Your Credit.
Additionally, you want to regularly review your credit report for any new accounts you don’t recognize. Another way to keep an eye out for new accounts is to use an identity protection product like Experian IdentityWorks, which provides alerts when new accounts or inquiries are added to your credit report. You also get access to a dedicated fraud resolution agent if you’re a victim of identity theft.
5. Be Practical.
Buying a house can be an emotional experience. Don’t let your desire to buy your first place or dream home cloud your good judgment. Take your time with assessing all people you work with from your real estate agent to your buyer. If there’s something you don’t feel good about, seek a trusted advisor. Also, if you’re in a situation where you own a home and you’re struggling to pay your mortgage payment, contact your lender to see what options they have. There are usually other options if you can’t pay your mortgage, such as refinancing your mortgage, forbearance, loan modification, and repayment plans.
Here’s more information on mortgage fraud and how to stay protected.
Brian O’Connell is a former Wall Street bond trader and the author of two best-selling books;“The 401(k) Millionaire” and “CNBC Creating Wealth: An Investor’s Guide to Decoding the Market”. He has 20 years of experience covering business news and trends, particularly in the financial, technology, political and career management sectors.
